Hyperparathyroidism Explained: Causes, Symptoms & Modern Treatments
When the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, calcium is pulled from the bones into the bloodstream. Over time, this can lead to weakened bones, kidney stones, and various other health complications. The good news is that with better awareness and access to modern treatments, managing hyperparathyroidism is becoming increasingly possible even in more remote areas of India.
What is hyperparathyroidism and how common is it in India?
Hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive. These glands, located behind the thyroid in the neck, usually regulate the calcium levels in the blood by releasing PTH. When there is too much PTH, calcium levels rise, causing a variety of problems.
In India, primary hyperparathyroidism is often underdiagnosed, partly because its symptoms can mimic other common illnesses. As awareness increases and access to routine blood tests improves, more cases are now being identified at earlier stages, allowing timely treatment. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, often linked to kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, is more prevalent and typically seen in patients undergoing dialysis.
What causes hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism is generally classified into three types:
Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Usually caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) in one of the parathyroid glands. In rare cases, it could be linked to hereditary syndromes or even cancer.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: This occurs as a response to another condition, often chronic kidney disease or severe calcium or vitamin D deficiency. It’s especially common in patients undergoing long-term dialysis in India.
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: Occurs when secondary hyperparathyroidism continues for a long time and the glands become permanently overactive, often requiring surgery.
What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism often develop slowly and may be overlooked or attributed to ageing or stress. Common signs include:
Weak bones and frequent fractures
Joint and muscle pain
Kidney stones
Frequent urination
Abdominal discomfort or constipation
Feeling tired or weak
Depression or mood swings
Difficulty concentrating, sometimes called “brain fog”
How is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?
Diagnosing hyperparathyroidism typically involves a combination of blood and urine tests:
Blood calcium levels: Elevated calcium often points to hyperparathyroidism.
PTH levels: High PTH levels confirm the diagnosis.
Vitamin D test: Helps rule out other causes of calcium imbalance.
Kidney function tests: Essential to evaluate the impact on the kidneys.
Bone mineral density (BMD): Used to assess bone strength.
What are the modern treatments available in India?
Treatments for hyperparathyroidism depends on the type and severity. In many cases, surgery is the definitive solution especially for primary hyperparathyroidism.
Surgical Treatment
Parathyroidectomy is the most effective treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism.
It involves the removal of one or more of the overactive glands.
Minimally invasive options are now available in top Indian hospitals like AIIMS Delhi, CMC Vellore, and Apollo Chennai.
Medication Management
For those who are not ideal candidates for surgery or have secondary hyperparathyroidism, medications can help:
Cinacalcet, found in products like PTH 30mg Tablet, helps lower PTH levels and regulate calcium levels in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Vitamin D supplements and phosphate binders may also be prescribed.
Can hyperparathyroidism be prevented?
Hyperparathyroidism can lead to complications like kidney stones and impaired kidney function, making the prevention of chronic kidney disease crucial. Individuals with a diseases may experience worsened symptoms due to calcium imbalances, increasing fatigue or bone pain. It’s essential to monitor calcium levels in such cases. Treatment typically includes medications to regulate calcium levels. When patients also manage other health issues, such as those requiring medicine, treatment plans are carefully adjusted to prevent interference with calcium regulation and overall kidney health. Early intervention and monitoring are key to managing these complications effectively.
Is there a link between hyperparathyroidism and other blood disorders?
Yes, there can be indirect connections. Chronic hypercalcemia may affect bone marrow function, potentially influencing type of blood diseases such as anemia or immune suppression. Patients with long-standing hyperparathyroidism may also experience changes in white and red blood cell counts, though this is less common.
When managing blood disorder medicine, especially in patients with kidney issues or cancer, PTH levels may need to be monitored to avoid complications due to calcium imbalance.
Key Takeaways
Hyperparathyroidism is a complex yet manageable condition. Thanks to advances in diagnostics and treatments. Early intervention is now more achievable than ever in India. Awareness plays a key role understanding the signs, knowing when to seek help, and accessing the right care can prevent long-term complications.
Staying aware of your health, going for regular checkups, and following up with a healthcare provider if something feels off can help you stay ahead of potential complications. Early intervention really can make a difference.
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